Hardening procedures can be carried out only in healthy children with sufficient body resistance to environmental factors. In this regard, hardening procedures in premature infants, in children who are often ill, or with chronic pathology should be carried out not in full and with caution.
During the process of growth and development, a child can undergo various hardening procedures. The first hardening procedure is air baths. They start at 2 months of age. 1-2 weeks after the air baths, hardening with water begins. Wet rubbing begins no earlier than at 2-3 months, dousing - from 3-4 months.
It is advisable to start gymnastics and massage at 1.5 months of age.
AIR BATHS
Air baths have the least impact on the body. Usually carried out either in a room (during the cold season) or in the fresh air in summer (light-air baths). Start at a room temperature of 20-22 °C, then for children 1-2 years old - at a temperature of 19 °C. The duration of the first procedures is 1 minute. Every 5 days, the duration is increased by 2 minutes. Children at 6 months can receive the procedure for up to 15 minutes, after 6 months - 30 minutes 2 times a day. Children who do not tolerate low temperatures are recommended to gradually reduce the temperature air in the room and gradually expose the body.
Air baths are contraindicated for children with acute infectious diseases, with vague low-grade fever. The resumption of procedures after illness begins gradually, as from the first classes.
UVR HARDENING
Ural irradiation actively influences the immunological resistance of the body, prevents the development, increases the titer of specific agglutinins, precipitins, stimulates the phagocytic activity of leukocytes, and reduces allergic manifestations in children. The formation of erythema is a unique characteristic feature of the action of ultraviolet radiation.
For preventive purposes, general UV irradiation with mercury-quartz lamps is used. The average biodose at a distance of 3 m from the lamp is usually 2-3 minutes. The initial radiation dose is equal to V4 biodoses and is increased to 2.5-3 biodoses. In the autumn-winter period, it is necessary to prescribe 1-2 courses of radiation (20 procedures) with a break of 2-2.5 months, especially in areas with short daylight hours.
HARDENING BY SUN RAYS
Light-air baths are indicated for children of the first year of life in dry, windless weather at an air temperature of 22 ° C and above. Older children (1-3 years old) are allowed to carry out the procedure at a temperature of 20 ° C. Light-air baths are carried out both in the child’s lying position and in an active position - when playing in a crib, stroller, etc. It is necessary to gradually expose the body. The duration of the first bath for children of the first year of life is 3 minutes, from 1 year to 3 years - 5 minutes, 4-7 years - 10 minutes. Every day you can increase the time of light-air baths, bringing it to 30-40 minutes or more. It is important to ensure that the child it was comfortable. Profound prematurity is also a contraindication for the procedure.
Sunbathing - it is important to correctly dose the procedure time. A Panama hat is put on the child's head, and you can use dark glasses. Extending children to direct sunlight for a long time can be harmful. It is necessary to monitor the child's behavior - the appearance of weakness, fatigue, hypotension indicates overheating. The duration of the baths is 15-20 minutes, the number is 20-30 per summer.
WATER TREATMENTS
Water procedures are divided into wet rubbing, dousing, bathing and swimming. Rubbing and dousing can be local or general. Water procedures are preceded by air hardening - air baths and wiping the child with a dry towel or mitten. Rubbing with a dry mitten should be carried out until the skin becomes slightly red.
Wet wipes (from 1 month of age) are carried out with a cloth (mitten) soaked in water and wrung out. First, they wipe the upper limbs - from the fingers to the shoulder, then the legs - from the foot to the thigh, then the chest, stomach, and lastly - the back. Each part of the body must be wiped dry until slightly reddened. At the same time, they combine the actions of a water procedure with a massage. Duration of one procedure - 1-2 minutes
The initial temperature of water for wiping children 3-4 years old is 32 °C, 5-6 years old - 30 °C, 6-7 years old - 28 °C. Every 2-3 days it is reduced by 1 °C and brought to 22 °C in summer and 25 °C in winter for children 3-4 years old, to 20 °C and 24 °C respectively - for children 5-6 years old, up to 18 °C and 22 °C for children 6-7 years old. After wiping, the child should be warmly dressed.
After a break in water procedures, they are resumed as they began: first dry rubbing, then wet. The water temperature during wet rubbing after resuming the procedure corresponds to the initial one, then it is reduced more quickly.
After 2 weeks from the start of wet rubdowns, you can begin local foot baths. The most favorable time is summer. Pouring the feet and legs begins with a water temperature of 28 ° C, then cools it at a rate of 1 ° C per week. The lower limits of water temperature are 20 “C. For children 3 years old - 18 ° C. The duration of the procedure for young children is 15-20 s. It is better to douse the feet in the bath, with the child seated on a stand. At the end of the procedure, the child’s feet are wiped dry.
Contrast foot baths further increase the body's resistance to low environmental temperatures. The procedure is as follows: pour water at a temperature of 37-38 °C, into another - 3-4 °C lower. The amount of water needed is such that the water covers the legs to the middle of the shins. Do not change the water for 7 days. Next, lower the water temperature in the second container by 1 °C per week and bring it to 10 °C. The child alternately immerses his feet in a container with hot water for 1-2 minutes, and then for 10-15 seconds in cold water. The procedure is completed by immersing the feet in a container of cold water.
The number of alternating dives in the first procedures is 3-4. The duration of immersion of limbs in cold water increases gradually, up to 15-20 s. The number of alternating dives is also increased to 6. At the end of the procedure, the legs are wiped until slight hyperemia appears. After the child adapts to the procedure of dousing the feet, it is necessary to move on to general dousing. When pouring, the child can stand or sit. The handle of the flexible hose in the bath or shower must be kept close to the child’s body (20-30 cm).
The water jet must be strong. First of all, the back is poured, then the chest and stomach, then the right and left shoulders. After the procedure, the child is wiped dry. The water temperature during the first dousing sessions for children under 1 year of age is 36 °C. Every week, reduce the temperature by 1 °C and bring it to 28 °C. For children from 1 to 3 years old, the water temperature is from 34 °C to 28 °C in winter and 25-24 °C in summer. For preschoolers, start at 33 °C and increase to 24-22 °C. In cold weather, the water temperature should not be lower than 24 °C. The duration of the douches is from 30 s to 1.5 min. The room temperature should not be lower than 20 ° C, and in warm weather outside the room - 18 ° C.
For quotation: Kapranova E.I. Hardening of young children // RMJ. 1997. No. 8. S. 3
Key words: infants; hardening; traditional, non-traditional methods. The author, recalling that human health is 50-70% dependent on lifestyle, emphasizes that the concept of “healthy lifestyle” also includes hardening, which, as a factor in increasing resistance, is extremely important for young children due to the increasing number of frequent sick people in this age group.
The article discusses in detail such special hardening procedures as air, solar and, mainly, water baths.
It is emphasized that the greatest effect is observed from contrast hardening, which includes foot baths, rubdown, shower, sauna, Russian bath. To enhance the effect, it is proposed to carry out contrast hardening with infusions of various herbs.
It is noted that the so-called pharmacological hardening methods do not affect the level and dynamics of respiratory morbidity, unlike contrast hardening.
Key words: chest; tempering; traditional and nontraditional methods.
Reminding that human health shows a 50 - 70% relationship with lifestyle, the author emphasizes that the concept of "a healthy lifestyle" also includes tempering which as a factor of enhancing the infants due to the increasing number of patients just in this age group.
The paper details special tempering procedures, such as air, sun, and mainly water baths.
The author stresses that the greatest effect is produced by contrast tempering which includes leg baths, rubdown, shower, sauna, Russian baths. To increase its exposure, contrast tempering may be carried out by using the infusions of various herbs.
As compared to contrast tempering, the so-called pharmacological tempering methods were found to have no impact on the rate and pattern of respiratory morbidity.
E.I. Kapranova - Ph.D. honey. Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Childhood Diseases of the MMA named after. THEM. Sechenov.
Yes. I. Kapranova - Candidate of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Childhood Diseases, I.M. Sechenov Moscow Medical Academy.
D It is well known that human health depends 10 - 20% on heredity, 10 - 20% on the state of the environment, 8 - 12% on the level of healthcare and 50 - 70% on lifestyle. A healthy lifestyle means a balanced diet, exercise, giving up alcohol and smoking, and much more. Hardening also plays an important role.The increase in the number of frequently ill children, especially under the age of 3, in our country in recent years makes this problem extremely relevant.
Hardening is a scientifically based systematic use of natural factors to increase the body's resistance to adverse environmental agents.
Hardening as a factor in increasing the body's resistance to various meteorological conditions has been used since ancient times.
The experience of hardening that has reached us dates back over a thousand years.
Abu Ali ibn Sina (Avicenna) created the "Canon of Medical Science" in the 8th - 9th centuries. He divided medicine into theoretical and practical, and the latter into the science of maintaining health and the science of treating a sick body. In one of the chapters of his work, Avicenna talks about swimming in cold water, including for young children, as well as methods of preparing for a kind of hardening of travelers in the hot desert and winter weather.
The ancient Russian chronicler Nestor in the 10th century described how he began to soar in a bathhouse and bathe babies in cold water immediately after birth. And so - for several weeks, and then with each illness.
The Scythians, according to Herodotus and Tacitus, bathed their newborns in cold water.
The Yakuts rubbed newborns with snow and doused them with cold water several times a day.
Residents of the North Caucasus washed their children below the waist with very cold water twice a day, starting from the first day of life.
The founder of Russian medicine S.G. Zybelin (1735 - 1802) in his “Tale on the harm resulting from keeping oneself in excessive warmth” (1773) wrote: “It is very useful... to wash babies with cold water to bring them to strength and to prevent many diseases.”
There are no medical exemptions from hardening, only acute febrile illnesses. The opinion that hardening procedures are contraindicated for weakened children is deeply erroneous. The task of the medical professional is to correctly select and dosage these procedures individually for each child.
A number of rules must be followed:
1. Systematic use of hardening procedures at all times of the year, without interruptions.
2. Gradual increase in the dose of irritant action.
3. Taking into account the age and individual characteristics of the child’s body.
4. All hardening procedures should be carried out against a background of positive emotions.
Violation of these rules leads to a lack of positive effect from hardening procedures, and sometimes to hyperactivation of the neuroendocrine system and its subsequent depletion.
Hardening activities are divided into general and special. General ones include a proper daily routine, balanced nutrition, and physical exercise. Special hardening procedures include hardening with air (air baths), sun (sunbathing) and water (water procedures).
Air baths
The first hardening procedure for an infant is air baths. Before explaining to parents how to carry out air hardening, you need to remind them that the air temperature in the room for a newborn baby should be 23°C, from 1 to 3 months - 21°C, from 3 months to
1 year - 20°C, over 1 year - 18°C.
Infants are characterized by high energy costs and oxygen consumption (2.5 times more than adults). Therefore, it is necessary to ventilate the premises 4 - 5 times a day for 10 - 15 minutes in winter, and keep the windows open almost constantly in summer. Ventilation using a window or transom is carried out in the presence of children; the air temperature decreases by 1 - 2°C, which is a hardening factor. With through ventilation, air exchange occurs much faster than through a window, but it is advisable to do it when there is no child in the room.
It is possible to use household air conditioners that automatically regulate temperature and humidity.
In the summer, newborns can be taken for a walk almost immediately after birth, initially for 20-40 minutes, quickly increasing the time to 6-8 hours a day. In winter in central Russia, children are first taken outside at the age of 2 - 3 weeks at an air temperature of at least -5 ° C for 15 - 20 minutes and their exposure to air is gradually increased to 1.5 - 2 hours 2 times a day. In calm weather, you can walk with a child aged 1 to 3 months at -10°C, over 3 months - 12°C, over 6 months - 15°C. Children over 1.5 years old walk at least 2 times a day for 2.5 - 3 hours at a temperature not lower than
-15 - 16°C.
At the age of up to 1.5 - 2 months, a child in the winter outside sleeps in the arms of an adult, and only older children sleep in a stroller, since due to imperfect thermoregulation, a small child may experience hypothermia, even if he is placed in a warm stroller. A runny nose is not a contraindication for walking. You just need to clean your nose first. The child’s face should be open even in winter, but the cotton blanket around the face should be arranged as if in the form of a well.
Air baths themselves begin to be carried out in the maternity hospital, when, when changing diapers, the child is left for a short time without clothes. A favorable moment is not only the temperature effect on the body, but also the diffusion of oxygen through the skin into the blood, since the permeability of the skin at an early age is very high.
Air baths should be carried out in a well-ventilated area at an air temperature of 20 - 22 ° C for infants and 18 - 19 ° C for children 1 - 2 years old. For children over 1 - 2 years old who tolerate hardening well, the air temperature can be reduced to 12 - 13°C. Initially, the duration of the procedure is 1 - 2 minutes, every 5 days it increases by 2 minutes and reaches 15 minutes for children under 6 months and up to 30 minutes after 6 months. The maximum time of air baths for children 2 - 3 years old is 30 - 40 minutes. Air baths must be combined with gymnastic exercises. Children over 1.5 years old usually take air baths during morning exercises, first in shorts, T-shirts, socks and slippers. Later, you can leave only panties and slippers.
Children with signs of reduced adaptation to changes in ambient temperature (persistent pallor of the skin, cyanotic marbling of the distal extremities, complaints of discomfort) should not be excluded from gentle hardening procedures. For example, a child can be partially undressed; air baths can be performed for only 5 minutes, but several times a day.
Sun hardening
Ultraviolet rays actively influence the immunological resistance of the body, increasing the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system. However, it must be remembered that the younger the child is, the higher the sensitivity to ultraviolet rays. Therefore, sunbathing is contraindicated for children under one year of age. They are prescribed with extreme caution to children from 1 to 3 years of age, and only at an older age they are carried out quite widely, but after a preliminary week-long course of daily light-air baths.
In scattered sunlight there are quite a lot of ultraviolet rays and relatively few, in contrast to direct solar radiation, infrared rays, which cause overheating of the child’s body, which is especially dangerous for children with increased neuro-reflex excitability. In the autumn-winter and spring periods, direct sunlight does not cause overheating, so exposure of the child’s exposed face is not only acceptable, but also necessary.
In summer, it is recommended to carry out light-air baths at an air temperature of 22°C and above for infants and at 20°C for children 1 - 3 years old, preferably in calm weather. The child's behavior during the bath should be active. In central Russia, it is better to start baths from 9 to 12 noon, in hotter climates from 8 to 10 am.
The duration of the first bath for infants is 3 minutes, for older children - 5 minutes, with a daily increase to 30 - 40 minutes or more.
Direct sunbathing (after light-air training) in older children is carried out for no more than 15 - 20 minutes, in total no more than 20 - 30 baths during the summer. An absolute contraindication to sunbathing is an air temperature of 30°C.
After sunbathing, and not before, children are prescribed water treatments, and it is necessary to dry the child, even if the air temperature is high, since with wet skin the child’s body becomes hypothermic.
Artificial ultraviolet radiation, which a few years ago was widely used not only in the North, but also in central Russia primarily for the purpose of preventing rickets, is now either not recommended by many authors to be prescribed to young children at all, or used with extreme caution, given its possible carcinogenic effect.
Water procedures
Water hardening has a more powerful effect on the body compared, for example, with air procedures. This is due to the fact that the thermal conductivity of water is 30 times, and the heat capacity is 4 times greater than that of air.
There are three phases of the body's reaction to the effect of low water temperature. First- increased spasm of skin vessels, with deeper cooling - and subcutaneous fat. Second phase- due to adaptation to low water temperatures, vasodilation occurs, the skin becomes red, blood pressure decreases, mast cells and leukocytes of the vascular depots of the skin and subcutaneous tissue are activated with the release of biologically active substances, including interferon-like properties. This phase is characterized by improved well-being and increased activity. Third phase(unfavorable) - the body’s adaptive capabilities are exhausted, vascular spasm occurs, the skin acquires a bluish-pale tint, and chills appear.
With the systematic use of water hardening, the first phase is shortened and the second begins faster. The most important thing is that the third phase does not occur.
Water procedures are divided into traditional and non-traditional, or intensive.
Traditional water treatments
The method of water hardening depends on the age of the child. It is necessary to introduce an element of hardening into ordinary water procedures (washing, rinsing, bathing).
I. Age of the child from birth
up to 2 - 3 months
1. Shared baths- the child is bathed daily with water at a temperature of 37 - 36°C for 5 minutes, then doused with water at a temperature 2°C lower.
2. Washing, washing, which lasts 1 - 2 minutes, is first carried out at a water temperature of 28 ° C, every 1 - 2 days and reduced by 1 - 2 ° C and brought to 20 - 22 ° C.
3. Local wet rubbing- with a mitten moistened with water at a temperature of 33 - 36 ° C, wipe the arms from the hand to the shoulder, then the legs from the foot to the knee for 1 - 2 minutes. Once every five days, the temperature is lowered by 1°C and brought to 28°C. A necessary condition is that each part of the body is wiped dry until slightly reddened immediately after wiping it wet.
II. Child's age from 2 - 3 to 9 - 10 months
1 and 2 as in the previous age group.
3. General wet wiping. First, the upper limbs are wiped, then the lower ones, and finally the chest and back. The water temperature is the same as for local rubdowns. You can add salt to the water (2 teaspoons of salt per 1 glass of water). The same rule must be followed - wipe each part of the body dry immediately after wiping it.
Child's age from 9 - 10 months to 1 year
1 and 2 as in previous age groups.
3. General dousing. During this procedure, the child can sit or stand. The flexible shower hose should be kept close to the child's body (25 - 30 cm). The water jet must be strong. First they pour on the back, then the chest, stomach, and lastly the arms. After dousing, wipe dry until slightly red. Initially, the water temperature is 35 - 37°C, then every 5 days it is reduced by 1°C and brought to 28°C.
IV. Child's age from 1 year to 3 years
At this age, you can use general rubdowns with a decrease in water temperature to 24°C, general douches with a temperature of up to 24 - 28°C. From 1.5 years old, you can use a shower, which has a stronger effect than dousing, since, in addition to the water temperature, it also includes a mechanical effect. Duration of the procedure is up to 1.5 minutes; water temperature and its decrease - as with a general douche.
Infants suffering from exudative-catarrhal diathesis can use “Cheburashka” herbal baths for hardening: take a mixture of oregano, string, coltsfoot, calendula, violets 40-50 g each, pour 3 - 4 liters of boiling water, infuse
2 - 3 hours, filter and pour into a bath of warm water 35 - 36°C. First the child is in the water
1 - 2 minutes, gradually increase the duration of stay to 8 - 10 minutes, while simultaneously reducing the water temperature to 24 - 28 ° C, and for more seasoned children even to 15 ° C. Such baths are used after 1-2 days.
Contrasting and non-traditional hardening
Intensive (non-traditional) hardening methods include any methods in which there is at least short-term contact of a naked human body with snow, ice water, or subzero air.
There is sufficient experience in intensive hardening of young children in parental health clubs.
However, there are practically no scientific studies indicating the possibility of using this type of hardening.
The body’s reaction to the action of any irritants is designated as a general adaptation syndrome, in which three stages are distinguished: anxiety stage(activation of the function of the adrenal cortex, as a result of which the volume of the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes decreases), resistance stage(development of hypofunction of the adrenal cortex) and stage of exhaustion.
The physiological immaturity of the body of young children, primarily the immaturity of the neuroendocrine system, is often the reason not for the increase, but, on the contrary, for the suppression of immune activity, the rapid development of the stage of exhaustion when the child is excessively hardened to the cold.
Therefore, almost all authors dealing with the issues of hardening young children consider bathing children in ice water to be contraindicated.
However, there is contrast hardening as a transitional step between traditional and intensive hardening. These are contrast foot baths, contrast rubdown, contrast shower, sauna, Russian bath, etc.
The most common method for children is contrast dousing of the legs. It is necessary to follow the rule - you cannot pour cold water on cold feet, i.e. your feet must first be warmed.
Place two basins in the bath so that the water covers the legs to the middle of the shin. In one of them the water temperature is always 38 - 40°C, and in the other (for the first time) it is 3 - 4°C lower. The child first immerses his feet in hot water for 1 - 2 minutes (treads them), then in cool water for 5 - 20 seconds. The number of alternating dives is 3 - 6. Every 5 days, the water temperature in the second basin is lowered by 1°C and raised to 18 - 10°C. For healthy children, the procedure is completed with cold water, and for weakened children, with hot water.
Contrast rubbing can be done with herbal infusion to enhance the effect. For more intense cooling, use mint infusion. Dry herbs with flowers are poured with boiling water at the rate of 4 tablespoons per 1 liter, left for 30 minutes, filtered, cooled to 20 - 22°C. A hot infusion is prepared with warming plants: thyme, yarrow, tansy, pine and spruce needles. They are taken 2 tablespoons per 1 liter of boiling water, infused, filtered, heated to 38 - 40°C. First, rub the child’s hand with a towel dipped in a cold infusion, then with another mitten dipped in a hot solution, and then rub the child’s hand with a dry towel until it turns red. This is how the procedure is carried out with the second arm, legs, and torso. In older and more seasoned children, if there are positive emotions, you can gradually increase the temperature of the hot infusion to 40 - 42°C, and reduce the cold infusion to 4 - 6°C.
For older children, contrast foot baths can be replaced with a contrast shower: exposure to hot water is 40 - 50 ° C for 1 minute, then poured with cold water with a minimum temperature of 10 - 15 ° C for 10 - 20 s. Alternate 5 - 10 times.
A sauna (dry air bath) uses high air temperature in a steam room (about 60 - 90°C) with low humidity and cooling in a pool with a water temperature of 3 - 20°C, and in winter swimming in the snow. In the absence of contraindications and the wishes of the parents, a child can visit the sauna from 3 to 4 years old, once a week, initially in the form of one visit for 5 to 7 minutes at a temperature in the steam room of about 80 ° C at the height of the top shelf. Then you can bring it up to three visits to the steam room for 10 minutes, followed by cooling.
In many regions of our country, the hardening effect of the Russian bath is widely used. It is based on strict adherence to the contrast cycle: heating - cooling - rest. The formula for the hardening cycle is 1:1:2, i.e. you need to steam and take a cool shower for approximately the same amount of time, and rest twice as long. For young children just getting used to the Russian bath, one cycle is enough. At first, you should stay in the steam room for no more than 3 - 5 minutes, after several visits you can increase the time to 5 - 10 minutes. At first, cooling is best done by dousing, then a cold shower, later by swimming in cold water, including in an ice hole, and wiping with snow. Gradually the number of visits to the steam room is increased to 4-5.
In a Russian bathhouse, not plain water is often poured onto hot stones, but bath cocktails in the form of an aromatic infusion of herbs. For example, for an antiseptic effect, mint, sage, thyme, and eucalyptus leaf are used in equal proportions; for a calming purpose - thyme, mint, oregano, chamomile, birch buds, green spruce needles; poplar buds (1 part), tansy flower baskets (2 parts), chives leaves (1 part) have a tonic effect; birch, oak, linden leaves, oregano herb, and thyme improve breathing.
Brooms are widely used in Russian baths, and each broom causes a specific effect. For example, a birch broom has an analgesic, sedative and bronchodilator effect, an oak broom has a calming, anti-inflammatory effect, a linden broom has a bronchodilator, diuretic, and also helps with headaches, colds, a fir broom helps with radiculitis, neuralgia, an alder broom helps with myalgia, and a rowan broom has a stimulating effect, etc.
Contrast hardening is more effective than hardening only with cold. But there are supporters of this method. For this type of hardening, they use pouring water from a bucket at a temperature of 3 - 4 ° C, swimming in ice water for 1 - 4 minutes in a home bath and, as the highest form of hardening, winter swimming, or “winter swimming”. Fear of the use of these types of hardening in adults and older children is exaggerated due to ignorance and incorrect conclusions in very few scientific publications. In rare scientific studies devoted to "walruses", the volume of observations is small, and no attention is paid to the fact that very often people with various chronic diseases begin to engage in these types of hardening after unsuccessful treatment with traditional medicinal methods. Therefore, of course, in such groups there is a higher percentage of people with coronary heart disease, hypertension, diseases of the respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract, etc.
If parents insist on carrying out such types of hardening, the duty of the medical worker is not to categorically prohibit, since in most such cases parents will carry them out anyway, but to persistently recommend the rules that were mentioned at the beginning chapters, especially taking into account the age and individual characteristics of the child and gradually increasing the dose of irritant.
In conclusion, it is necessary to dwell on the so-called pharmacological methods of hardening. We are talking about immunostimulants that enhance interferon formation, such as prodigiosan, levamisole, timolin, T-activin, etc. Some authors recommend their use for the prevention of frequent respiratory diseases in young children. But, as a rule, scientific research on the effectiveness of immunostimulants in this group of children concerns only immunological indicators before and after the use of drugs, in particular a decrease in IgE levels and an increase in the number of T-lymphocytes.
However, the results of the therapeutic experiment indicate that there is no effect of treatment with immunostimulants on the level and dynamics of respiratory morbidity, while, for example, contrast hardening already after a year helps reduce ARVI in young children by 3.5 times.
Nadezhda Zhukova
Hardening of young children (first junior group)
Hardening of young children
1st junior group “Caramels”
(consultation for parents)
A strong but not seasoned man
like a fortress with thick tall
walls in which they forgot to put a gate,” says popular wisdom.
We will never find our way to the land of Health if we do not strengthen our body. Hardening is an excellent and affordable means of preventing diseases and promoting health. It is an important link in the system of physical education of children, providing training of the body’s defenses and increasing its resistance to the effects of constantly changing environmental conditions. Hardening does not cure, but prevents illness, and this is its most important preventive role. A hardened person easily tolerates not only heat and cold, but also sudden changes in external temperature, which can weaken the body's defenses.
Contraindications to hardening
There are no absolute contraindications to hardening. Every person must be tempered throughout his life. It is only important to dose hardening procedures correctly, especially in the initial period.
In our group we plan to use such non-traditional types of hardening as:
1. Walking barefoot
Technically, the simplest non-traditional hardening method is at the same time a good means of strengthening the arch of the foot and ligaments. We start walking barefoot for 3-4 minutes. We increase the procedure time by 1 minute daily and bring it to 20-25 minutes. The procedure is very physiological and well tolerated by children of any age. That's why we do it from an early age.
2. Strengthening your hands (playing with water according to the educational work plan).
Water procedures have one feature. They, as a rule, also have a mechanical effect on humans. Water has a stronger effect than air due to the mineral salts, gases and liquids dissolved in it. Playing with water is one of children's favorite pastimes and it is not surprising, because playing with water is useful not only for the development of tactile sensations and fine motor skills. Water develops various receptors, calms, and gives positive emotions. And what could be better than the happy face of a child! And it doesn’t matter anymore that there are puddles around you. The initial water temperature is 37-36 C. Gradually, the water temperature is reduced by 1 C every 2-3 days, bringing it to 22 - 20 C. Children after illness begin to be hardened from the initial temperature.
We offer you a list of games with water that we use to strengthen our hands.
Waterfall
For this game, you will need any toys that can be used to pour water: a watering can, a small bowl, a small jug or a simple plastic glass. The baby draws water into a container and, pouring it out, creates a noisy waterfall with splashes. Place the child’s palm under the stream, study the fall of the water, splash it. Pay attention to the child that the higher the waterfall, the louder it makes noise.”
Water takes shape
For this game you will need: an inflatable ball, a rubber glove, a plastic bag, a plastic cup. The baby fills the ball, glove or bag with water using a plastic cup. Adults should draw his attention to the fact that water takes the shape of the object into which it is poured.
Soap game
A small piece of soap is dropped to the bottom of the basin. The baby must catch it using rubber spoons or his own palms.
Drowning - not drowning
Take objects from different materials: metal, wood, plastic, rubber, fabric, paper, washcloth. Lowering various objects in turn, the child observes whether they are immersed in the water and what happens to them.
Little fisherman
Small objects are thrown into the basin. These will be fish. The child is given a “fishing rod” - a ladle with a long handle, with which he will catch fish. You can also catch fish with two spoons.
Leisya, Leisya
For this fun you need a funnel, a plastic glass and various plastic containers with a narrow neck. Using a glass, the baby pours water into bottles through a funnel. You can simply pour water through the funnel, raising it high.
Wring out the washcloth
An adult gives the child a sponge and asks him to fill the bowl he is holding in his hands with water. But this should only be done with a sponge, collecting water and then squeezing it into a bowl.
Through the sieve
Let the baby pour water from a glass into a sieve. Explain to him why the water flows away. In play, the child learns the purpose of objects and the properties of matter.
Hardening activities in the younger group
1 Through ventilation in the absence of children 3 times a day
2 Quartz treatment 3 times a day
3 Morning exercises in a ventilated room 8:10-8:20
4 Physical education classes 3 times a week
5 Washing with cool water During routine moments
6 Ventilate the group before class 2 times a day
7 Walk in the fresh air 2 times a day
8 Breathing exercises 2 times a day
9 Gymnastics in bed 15:00
10 Walking along “health paths” (a mat with spikes, a ribbed board, a button mat, barefoot on the floor to prevent flat feet) Before the day
bedtime and after
11 Walking barefoot on the sand, pouring feet, air baths. During the summer
12 Phytoncides (onions, garlic kinders) During a flu epidemic
The effectiveness of hardening is monitored using the following indicators:
1. Reduced excitability, falling asleep quickly, deep sleep.
2. The desire of children to perform hardening procedures, a positive emotional attitude during their implementation.
3. Improving the vegetative-vascular reaction in children - increasing the skin temperature of the hands (warm hands throughout the day).
4. Comprehensive assessment of children's health and redistribution by health groups.
5. Dynamics of morbidity in children:
Reducing the number of frequently ill children
Number of cases of acute respiratory infections per child
Reduction in the duration of one disease (in days)
The number of days missed by one child due to illness per year.
Prepared by the teacher of the 1st junior group
Zhukova N. A.
Publications on the topic:
“The kids congratulate mom.” Holiday scenario for March 8 (group of young children) Scenario for the holiday on March 8 “The kids congratulate mom.” (group of young children). To the sounds of cheerful music, children enter the hall and sit down.
“Visiting Caramelka” - photo report of the New Year's holiday. Goal: to evoke positive emotions in children, to create a cheerful, festive mood.
Summary of a pedagogical event with children of senior preschool age Topic: “Caramel Shop” Educational field: “Socio-communicative development”. Integration of educational areas: “Socio-communicative development”;.
Consultation for parents “Hardening up preschool children” How to raise your child healthy and strong? How to protect him from diseases? Such questions worry every mother and every father. Why.
Consultation for parents “Hardening up young children” Unfavorable factors such as high morbidity, unfavorable environmental conditions, difficult social situation and many others.
Content
Any physical impact of external factors is part of hardening. Wind, sun and walking barefoot have a hardening effect. Some skeptics argue that hardening does not make any sense, they say, “they hardened the child for a long time, but there was no point!” Often the problem lies in the fact that many parents do not clearly understand the meaning of hardening procedures, and therefore cannot achieve positive dynamics.
Causes of childhood illnesses
The basis of any ARVI are viruses and bacteria; they are to blame for many childhood diseases. The so-called “greenhouse” children, all year round wrapped in warm overalls, sweaters, pants and hats, moving only by car, and only to kindergarten and back home, get sick much more often and for longer. Their immune system is completely unfit to fight, because there is nothing to fight against: warm heated floors, hot water in the bathroom, Persian carpets and duvets. In this state of affairs, any draft will bring a cold, since the body does not know how to defend itself.
Compared to city sissies, village children, running barefoot almost until it gets cold, dressing only at the first frost, chewing on the go, are a model of health and get sick very rarely. All this is because their body knows how to react correctly to changes in temperature, precipitation, wind, sun, etc., it is accustomed to this.
If you want to see your child healthy and strong, start hardening procedures.
When should you start tempering your child?
The most difficult thing is to compare them with your daily schedule, repeat them regularly and not skip them, putting them off for later. Hardening will be effective only when it occurs constantly. If procedures are skipped, the achieved effect will quickly disappear.
The child is ready for hardening from birth. It is important to do this gradually.
A newborn baby has high adaptive properties, that is, he will be able to adapt to any conditions surrounding him. Parents, for their part, must create natural conditions for the child so that the innate forces of the body are strengthened and developed. Creating “greenhouse” conditions will not lead to anything good. The development of natural thermoregulation mechanisms is very important for a child. Sudden changes in temperature, sun, water and air baths, and walking barefoot can contribute to this.
Most authors of hardening methods are of the opinion that air baths should be carried out from the first days of life. The easiest option would be to arrange such a bath during feeding. While the mother is feeding the baby, he should lie in his arms completely naked. As soon as the child gets cold, he will begin to strain all his muscles to keep warm, then it is possible to immediately cover him. Thus, from the first days of life, the child will be hardened in comfortable conditions for about two hours a day, eliminating the risk of hypothermia. Gradually, the hardening time can be increased and the baby can be left naked for a while after feeding, until he falls asleep. In addition, without clothes, the child moves more easily, he develops movement skills faster, he will quickly begin to hold his head up, try to sit up or crawl, 
Sunbathing is another treatment that can be used from birth. In addition, they are a good prevention of rickets. However, you need to be careful when sunbathing. The skin of a newborn is very delicate and thin, the production of melanin is much less than that of an adult, so the likelihood of sunburn is high. In addition, there is a risk of heatstroke, since thermoregulation mechanisms are not yet fully formed. Excessive sunbathing is extremely dangerous, as it can lead to the development of serious diseases. An ordinary walk outdoors in a stroller or in the arms of your mother will be enough. Even when a child reaches one year of age, he does not have to sunbathe on purpose; if he spends quite a lot of time playing in the fresh air and the sun, then this is quite enough. Also, do not forget that from time to time it is necessary to move into the shade. The most “useful” time for playing in the sun is before 11 o’clock in the morning and after five in the evening. In winter and autumn, it is necessary to go outside on a sunny day, since vitamin D must be produced in the body all year round, and sunny days are quite rare in our climate.
Water procedures
The best type of hardening can be called water procedures. They can also be used from birth, the main thing is gradualism. You can start with wiping. Dry babies with a soft cloth. To begin with, the water must be warm. It improves skin tone and strengthens blood vessels. As you get used to it, gradually reduce the water temperature, bringing it to room temperature, and then to cold. For older children, you can start wiping them and then dousing them. The mechanism is the same: start with water at a temperature that is comfortable for the child and gradually reduce it to cold.
Many children love sprinklers. In the summer, this can be an excellent hardening procedure that children can take for hours. In winter, this can be a basin of warm water in which toys float.
Development of a child’s motor activity
The physical development of a child is possible already in the prenatal period, when he is in the womb. 
As a result of physical activity, the mother has an increased need for oxygen, she begins to breathe deeper, and her heart rate increases. The baby begins to move restlessly inside, reacting to the decrease in nutrients in the mother’s blood. With such an active motor process, the muscles, heart and the child’s entire body as a whole begin to develop and strengthen in the womb.
If the mother has a sedentary lifestyle or overeating, the child rarely moves and may be born physically unformed.
Hardening at home
A child whose parents did not harden him in childhood is much more likely to experience various colds, since the thermoregulatory function is practically absent.
To develop this function, you can put your child to bed lightly dressed, in thin pajamas, for example, and cover him with a thin blanket on top. The temperature underneath will be comfortable enough to sleep. When waking up, the blanket should be pulled back so that the child is at room temperature. Thus, the temperature difference will be several degrees. And it has a good hardening effect.
Walking barefoot is a good way to strengthen yourself at any time of the year. This is the simplest and most effective method. Take your child's socks off often and let him run barefoot. This is also extremely useful to prevent the child from developing flat feet. When walking barefoot, your foot will become more stable and your gait will become freer. Spatial coordination and posture also improve. There are a large number of biologically active points on the foot. When walking barefoot, they are stimulated much more actively, due to which the function of thermoregulation develops, because it is the foot that is responsible for it. Don't worry if your baby's feet are cold, this is the body's reaction to the cold. Due to the child's movements, increased muscle tone, thermal balance is restored. It is best to walk barefoot on rough, uneven surfaces. At home it can be a massage mat, and outside it can be fresh grass, sand or soft pebbles. 
In the summer, many parents let their child run around in just panties or completely naked, and in the winter they begin to wear several layers of clothing. This is a fairly common mistake. If you feel cold, this does not mean at all that the child is cold. He is warm because his metabolism is faster than that of an adult, and more heat is produced. A warmly wrapped baby sweats a lot, and he has a greater chance of getting sick.
If you want to harden your baby, you should give him the opportunity to run naked at room temperature. At first it should not be long at all, about ten minutes. Gradually, the duration of being naked should be increased. If you are afraid that your baby will freeze, play some active game with him.
Maria Uvarova
Hardening of young children in preschool educational institutions
Air baths
In the absence children We organize cross-ventilation of the group room and bedroom in accordance with the established schedule;
In the presence children We organize corner ventilation of the group room and bedroom. At the same time, we strictly ensure that children are not in close proximity to an open window;
We carefully ensure that children wear lightweight clothing throughout the day. (at air temperature not lower than 18-20? C);
We carry out morning exercises in a well-ventilated group and in appropriate clothing. (cotton socks, lightweight clothing);
We organize a daytime nap without T-shirts if the temperature in the bedroom is 18? C and above. The temperature under the blanket reaches 38-39? S. upon waking up, the child receives a contrast bath with a difference of 18-20? C. This is excellent training for the thermoregulatory apparatus;
Throughout the day, we repeatedly encourage children to walk barefoot on covered and uncovered floors.
Water procedures
We organize barefoot walking on a wet salt path or ribbed board after a nap;
We train children extensive washing with cool water: washing hands up to the elbow, rubbing the chest and neck with a wet palm. At the end of the water procedure, each child wipes himself with a terry napkin or towel;
We organize rinsing your mouth and throat with water after each meal, gradually reducing the water temperature by 1? C, bringing it to 18? WITH.
Sleep organization children
Ventilate the bedroom before going to bed children for at least half an hour;
We organize dressing and undressing children only in group room (remember about the contrast bath);
15 minutes after the last child falls asleep, open the window. 30 minutes before waking up, close it;
We ensure that staff maintain silence during sleep children;
We will organize the rise upon awakening children.
Organization children for a walk
The teacher is the first to lead the subgroup out children who got dressed faster, i.e. We prevent overheating of the child’s body. Another subgroup is accompanied on a walk by an assistant teacher;
We make sure that children are dressed appropriately for the weather. In case of warming, we convince children wear less clothes;
Do we organize walks when the air temperature is not lower than 20? C in calm and dry weather, adjusting the stay time children outdoors;
To avoid hypothermia, we will definitely organize a motor activity: outdoor, sports, folk games, general developmental exercises, and we also conduct outdoor physical education classes twice a week.
Publications on the topic:
Development of fine motor skills in young children in preschool educational institutions The development of fine motor skills is closely related to the development of speech at an early age. This is explained by the fact that the areas of the brain responsible for development.
Consultation “Hardening children in preschool settings” 1. Display of hardening activities in the current program. The program provides the following hardening procedures: health-improving.
Adaptation of young children in preschool educational institutions Adaptation of young children in preschool educational institutions. Adaptation (from the Latin adaption) is considered as a universal property of living matter.
Adaptation of young children to preschool conditions The beginning of the school year is a difficult time for young children, as it is a period of adaptation to new conditions for them. Kids have a hard time with it.
Consultation for parents “Hardening up young children” Recommendation for parents on strengthening children of early preschool age Goal: Increasing the competence of parents in matters of strengthening.
Project “Adaptation of young children to the conditions of preschool educational institutions” Municipal budgetary preschool educational institution kindergarten "Kolosok" Project for Adaptation of Young Children.
Presentation for the project “Adaptation of young children to preschool conditions” Relevance of the project: the adaptation period is very important for children newly entering kindergarten. In this regard, the implementation of the project.
